The poll, conducted by the three Royal Colleges of Physicians, found more than half (55%) of doctors say they have seen more patients with ill health caused or worsened by the wider determinants of health such as poor housing, employment, poor air quality or education.

Illness caused by socio-economic factors including living in mouldy and damp homes, lack of access to healthy food, smoking and obesity is now significantly contributing to the workload of physicians in the UK – almost a quarter (24%) said more than half or almost all of their workload is due to illnesses or conditions related to social determinants of health.

The three Royal Colleges of Physicians behind the census say this often impacts the most deprived communities, exacerbating health inequalities and placing ‘significant and avoidable’ demand on the NHS. The three RCPs, alongside over 250 other members of the Inequalities in Health Alliance, are calling for a cross-government strategy to reduce health inequalities that tackles the wider determinants of ill health.

Professor Andrew Elder, president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, said: “The findings from this census present a stark image of public health. Many doctors feel that the National Health Service is actually a national sickness service, dealing with the symptoms and signs of disease and limited in its ability to prevent that disease. That will remain the case for as long as we neglect the root causes of ill health.

“We must confront these head-on. That means better housing, cleaner air, better nutrition, better education and ensuring equitable access to basic necessities for health living. Our physical and mental health is intrinsically related to our environments. There is no quick fix. It requires bold and transformative action from across government – and the reports we have from our nation’s physicians should be all the impetus we need.

Worryingly, the recent survey also revealed the significant impact people’s living conditions are having on doctors’ caseload with almost a quarter (24%) of physicians saying more than half or almost all of their workload is due to illnesses or conditions related to the wider determinants of health.

The three Royal Colleges of Physicians say the wider determinants of ill health, including the ability to heat homes, access to green spaces, transport links and poor air quality, are driving health inequalities, impacting the economy, and placing further demand on the NHS.

According to the Office for Budget Responsibility July 2023 fiscal risks and sustainability report, increased labour market inactivity over the past three years, coupled with the increase in ill health among people in work means the government spent £6.8 billion more on welfare payments in the year 2023/24, while the total annual tax loss is estimated to have risen to £8.9bn.

The latest physicians census reveals an overwhelming majority (85%) of physicians say they are concerned about the impact of health inequalities on their patients.

Dr Sarah Clarke, president of the Royal College of Physicians, said: “In the midst of unprecedented demands on the NHS and declining public health, it should be sounding alarm bells in government that so many doctors are seeing more patients with illness related to the wider determinants of health, such as housing or poor air quality. Everything from the food we eat to the air we breathe impacts our health. Good health is an economic asset.

“It is clear that the responsibility for good health lies not solely with the NHS nor the Department for Health and Social Care – all of government must play a role. If we are to reduce these avoidable demands on the NHS, improve general levels of health across the nation, and create a healthier labour market, we must see a comprehensive, cross-government strategy to reduce health inequalities that tackles the things that make us ill in the first place.”

Mike McKirdy, president of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, said: “Doctors increasingly find themselves under unprecedented strain, grappling with mounting caseloads of patients whose ailments are directly linked to their living conditions.

“Prevention is better than cure and we must see a concerted effort from across government and wider society to address the underlying socio-economic factors which perpetuate this cycle of illness and increased demand on the NHS.”